The Einsiedler is also known as the Swiss Warmblood. The Einsiedler was first bred at the Benedictine monastery of Einsideln, east of Lucerne in Switzerland in the 10th century. This first stock was founded on the local Shwyer stock and the first studbook opened in 1655. This stock was crossed with Spanish, Italian, Friesian, and Turkish stallions, which was not wise. A second book was opened on 1784 and compiled by Father Isidor Moses. The breed was improved by Anglo-Norman mares and Yorkshire Coach Horse stallion, Bracken (imported in 1865) in the early 19th century. The emphasis then switched to crosses of Holsteiner and Norman. By the late 1960s the breed was more commonly known as the Swiss Warmblood and was raised at the Federal Stud at Avenches where they also imported Swedish and Irish mares to improve the breed. The stallions used at this time were Anglo-Norman, Holsteiner, Swedish horses, as well as their own native stock. The Avenches stud still uses a variety of different breeds to enhance the modern Einsiedler. Today the breed crosses include Thoroughbreds, Hanoverians, Swedish Warmbloods, Selle Francais, and occasionally Trakehners. The number of imports to Switzerland is on the decrease as a result of this breeding program. The Einsiedler or Swiss Warmblood is a well-made horse that is big and calm and stands on average 16.2 hh. The testing for these horses is rigorous and includes jumping, dressage, cross-country, and driving. The registry is selective and the Einsiedler are put through tests with stallions at age three and a half and mares at three years old. These horses cannot be registered unless their parents are registered or registered half-breds.