The American Standardbred was originally established in the eastern United States in the late 18th century. The original founder of the breed was a racing Thoroughbred named Messenger, who was imported to the United States in 1788 and remained in stud for nearly twenty years in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. This Thoroughbred was crossed with Morgans, Canadian and Narragansett Pacers. The modern American Standardbred foundation sire is Hambletonian, who was foaled in 1849 and between 1851 and 1875 sired about 1,335 offspring. Nearly all Standardbreds descend from Hambletonian through his sons. The American Standardbreds are probably the world’s leading harness racer and races at the lateral pacing gait rather then the conventional diagonal trot. The Standardbreds are not very refined but are powerfully built and mostly used for harness racing or trotting as well as breeding. The standard of speed that is required for entry into a registry was originally 3 minutes. Now the standard for a mile is 2 minutes 25 seconds for pacers and 2 minutes 30 seconds for trotters, although today speeds of less than 2 minutes are a common occurrence. The American Standardbreds are raised in various parts of the United States and are often used in other places such as Austrailia, New Zealand, and other European countries for the breeding and upgrading of the harness-racing breeds.